PV=nRT

The ideal gas law.  Seems nothing is ideal since Obama first got elected.

The ideal gas law says that the pressure P times the volume V is equal to n the number of moles of gas contained in the volume times the universal gas constant R times the temperature T.

T is the temperature above absolute zero.  P is the absolute pressure.  The absolute pressure is the gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.  I recall 1 standard atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 pounds per square inch.

Most solids, liquids, and gases expand with increasing temperature and contract with decreasing temperature.

Typically, gases expand(contract) more(less) than liquids which expand(contract) more than solids with increasing(decreasing) temperature.

In brief, both the leather of the football and the air in it should expand with temperature and contract with decreasing temperature.

Physicists usually consider the simplest model first.  The simplest model is that the ideal gas law holds and that the only material affected by the temperature is the gas inside the football.

This model will assume that n and V are constant.

Any decrease in temperature will cause a ball inflated to 12.5 lbs/sqin to be outside the official range.

One atmosphere is 14.7 lbs/in**2.  A minimally inflated ball should have an actual pressure of 27.2 lbs/sqin.

The temperature in Rankine is the temperature in Fahrenheit plus 459.67. 

P2ndhalf =( P@inpection+14.7)* T2ndhalf/T@imspection.-14.7

Assume room temperature is 72 degrees F and the temperature at the beginning of the 2nd half was 51 degrees F.

Under these conditions, the pressure at the beginning of the 2nd half would be 11.43 lbs/sqin.

DR2H

Counter Terrorism

Benjamin Netanyahu was the first to exploit George W. Bush's counter-terrorism definition.  Joe Biden has assisted BO in exploiting it much more.

Just following Orders was not adequate defense for the Nazis.
 
In the best of all worlds, Dick Cheney would not have prodded George W. into invading Iraq.  George W. Bush was/is a "born again" Christian.  He and Tony Blair shared some vision/fear of the Moslem Hordes.  Norman Podaretz, founder of Commentary, came around to the position that the Arab - Israeli peace process was "fatally flawed".

Religious fundamentalists do not get along with each other very well.  I found the book Stealing Jesus to be informative and accurate.  I belong to a people of the Book.  My brother is a retired Methodist minister.  My father-in-law is a retired Methodist minister.  I used to have Jewish neighbors and I have led a Sunday School Class in Florida.  We shared the presentation responsibilities.  I gave the presentations of Islam, twice.

Bush's wetback Attorney General was the one who decided it is OK for us to torture.  Until this guy, the answer to the "hypothetical" was, in Hugo Black's words "Of course we would but we can never say that!"  My view is that we should have to rely on a trial by peers to show us mercy.